Industry analysis performing arts Essay Example For Students

Industry investigation performing expressions Essay History of neighborhood Performing Arts In the nineteenth century, the performing expressions were given to the American open only by business or novice specialists and associations. In contrast to Europe during this period, there was basically no administration backing of expressions of the human experience and next to no convention Of high society support. (I) Most performing expressions bunches were for-right now ventures oversaw by singular proprietors. They made little qualification between the high expressions and famous expressions as far as either programming or crowds and performed to blended groups that connected with from the attempting to the privileged. 1) In the primary long stretches of the twentieth century, the business visiting organizations started to decrease. Numerous exclusive live performing expressions associations vanished even with the new advancements ?first film, at that point recorded music, radio, and eventually TV. (1) By end of backtalk there were more than 1000 non-business theaters remembering school and network theaters for the U. S. Government Theater venture Produced wonderful assortment and nature of creations done with, various types of continuous tasks and organizations. In the end congress tested the substance of creations as rebellious purposeful publicity and risky. (2) Nevada was positioned number by development in number of not-for-profit theaters from 1990-2005 (3) Based on a grown-up populace (18*) of 185. 8 million, an expected 25. 1 million U. S. Grown-ups went to live Stage plays in 1992, contrasted with 20 million out of 1982 when the grown-up populace was 164 million. (3) Great Recession misfortunes were quick and quantifiable: The two-year decrease in the Index, from 2007 to 2009, was gadget as extensive as the increases made during the previous four years, somewhere in the range of 2003 and 2007 (4) Expressions of the human experience enterprises keep on following the countries business cycle: While it might be nothing unexpected that human expressions track the economy, the vast majority are ignorant of the size Of the area. Expressions of the human experience are a monetary power of 113,000 charitable expressions associations and about 800,000 additional expressions organizations, 2. 2 million craftsmen in the workforce, in addition to billions of dollars in customer spending, The Index is solid when shopper certainty and GAP development are solid. (4) National Performing Arts Industry Arts participation starts to bounce back: In 2010, 32 percent of the grown-up populace went to a performing expressions occasion (LIP from 28 percent in 2009); (4) Noteworthy development in the quantity Of not-for-profit expressions associations: The quantity Of charitable expressions associations kept on developing, arriving at 1 13,000 out of 2010. In the previous decade, the quantity Of charitable expressions associations grew 49 percent (76,000 to 113,000), a more prominent rate than every single not-for-profit association, which grew 32 percent (I . 2 million to 1. 6 million). (4) Arts associations cultivate innovativeness and enterprise: Arts associations are homes to new thoughts and creative pioneers. Somewhere in the range of 2005 and 2010, there was a 14 percent expansion in the quantity of new show, theater, film, and ensemble arks-?a noteworthy 1,025 debuts in 2010 alone. 4) The Index is set to a base score of 100 out of 2003; each point distinction is a one percent change jog that year. There is no highest list score, however higher is better, A score of 125 would pass on that expressions are all the more profoundly coordinated as a basic segment of society than during the previous decade portrayed by solid monetary wellbeing, plentiful limit, development, overwhelming interest, and an essential serious situation in American culture. (8) The 2012 National Arts Index conveys a 2010 score of the wellbeing and imperativeness of he expressions in the US. A years ago report gives testimony regarding how expressions of the human experience segment fared during the Great Recession. In 2010, the record rose somewhat from a changed 96. 3 to 96. 7 The U. S. Performing expressions industry is bolstered by about 8,840 associations with an aggregate Of 127,648 paid laborers. These associations produce about 513. 6 billion in yearly incomes, as indicated by late gauges. (10) Americans as of late spent a yearly aggregate of $14. 5 billion on performing expressions confirmations. (10) On some random day, 1. 5 million Americans go to expressions exhibitions, normally with family or companions. 0) Local Performing Arts Industry human expressions and culture segment speaks to a significant industry with extensive multiplier impacts on territorial economies, making a huge number of dollars in monetary action and expense income and more than 1 1,000 immediate and aberrant employments in the Lass Vegas Valley in 2007. (II) The arrival on speculation h as been determined broadly to be in excess of multiple times that of every dollar contributed. The neighborhood return is evaluated to be a lot higher, given that numerous specialists traverse into the business amusement area related with the gaming business.

When Some Cities Tend to Modernize and Others Tend to Conserve Traditionalism?

Presentation It can happen that occasionally you have an individual contest with a relative, companion or neighbor, or a lawful debate including business. There are three primary ways as options in contrast to going to court to determine a question in China: arrangement, intervention and mediation, they are ADR. ADR implies â€Å"Alternative Dispute Resolution† and it alludes to different procedures, ordinarily utilized in common law custom, which share practically speaking the point of a superior correspondence between the gatherings during a question and the sparing in administrative and legitimate time, cost and stress (Bevan, 1992).We can unmistakably recognize the upsides of the ADR, contrasting with the conventional debate settlement at court. ADR forms are snappier, as they can be organized inside days or weeks instead of months or years (case of one case in suit). They are likewise more affordable, as prior settlements spare administrative time and they are private. Th ey are willful, which implies that the gatherings are allowed to exit each time without meddling the legitimate strategies and their privileges (Bevan, 1992). Intercession, one of the most utilized ADR, includes an unbiased outsider, called a middle person, to help the questioning gatherings to arrive at an agreement.Mediation in China has been existed in China for over 2,000 years. It was utilized in the Western Zhou Dynasty (1146 BC-771 BC) and afterward utilized during the Qin Dynasty (221 BC-207 BC). There was constantly an inclination for intercession all through all the historical backdrop of Imperial China. The intervention framework and the lawful framework were grown together after the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Individuals' Mediation Committees showed up during this period, helping nearby individuals to determine common questions and to protect concordance in the society.However, the Mao's monetary changes have brought some physical and social ch anges of the Chinese urban areas. Changes have advanced the improvement of the legitimate framework and other formal lawful establishments. They have likewise allowed progressively singular opportunities, since the decentralization of the political control. Besides, the quickly developing financial turns of events, the modernization and the Westernization have prompted the nebulous vision of new urban communities which advocate the thoughts of independence, rivalry and private space, thoughts absolutely at something contrary to the Chinese conventional culture which advocates he social amicability in network and society. In my article, I will attempt to address to this inquiry: To what degree the job of the People's intercession boards of trustees in China currently is as yet critical when a few urban communities will in general modernize and others will in general preserve conventionalism? To start with, I will introduce the development of the customary Chinese legitimate framework to the contemporary Chinese lawful framework. Second, I will concentrate looking into it of intercession, one Alternative Dispute Resolution, and the People's Mediation Committees.And at long last, I will investigate the significance of the lessons of Confucianism in the development of intervention. I. From customary Chinese legitimate framework to contemporary Chinese lawful framework Chinese history, even in the only remaining century, has experienced a few occasions which have influenced the advancement of its legal framework. Cognizant that customary Chinese law was in reverse and that a Western lawful framework, progressively present day, would improve a great deal the advancement of Chinese society, Mao endeavored to build up a cutting edge lawful framework dependent on rules and law in 1949 (Utter, 1987).The Communist Party enlisted first previous patriots, who thoroughly understood the Western lawful frameworks: â€Å"To staff the new lawful framework, the Communists held various legitimate pros who had worked for the Nationalists, essentially in light of the fact that the Communists didn't have inside their own positions individuals with aptitudes and information to run a complex lawful system†, yet they were totally â€Å"politically questionable and elitist† (Utter, 1987).The Party at that point supplanted them by â€Å"new cadres† chose for their political loyalty to the Mao government, and not for their capacities in lawful framework, â€Å"[t]he new units needed lawful abilities and knowledge† (Utter, 1987). This choice of the Chinese Mao’s government affected the advancement of the lawful framework. They were persuaded that unpredictable procedures were just weights to the modernization of the legitimate framework, so they built up a framework effectively justifiable and available to the people:During the initial barely any long periods of the socialist party, the â€Å"new cadres† assisted with setting up law codification commissions, legal and police structures. Graduate schools opened and some lawful books were distributed. In 1954, the primary Chinese constitution which set up a tripartite administrative structure comprising of the preeminent people’s courts, the incomparable people’s procuracy, and the state gathering, all mindful to the standing board of the national people’s congress, was presented (Utter, 1987).However in 1957, the enhancements of the Chinese lawful framework started to quit: During the counter rights development, the socialist party’s supposition towards the requirement for a â€Å"modern† legitimate framework changed drastically. Numerous masters were expelled from their posts and afterward assaulted and condemned for the very approaches they were at first held to create. Graduate schools were shut and gets ready for additional codification were ended. The socialist party ventured to fix and override existing laws just as to supplant the job of the courts and procuracy with open security agencies (Utter, 1987).After Mao’s passing in 1978, during the â€Å"Four modernizations† (in industry, horticulture, national barrier, science and innovation in Chine), the new legislature of Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997) built up the 1978 Constitution, which reestablished the rise of legal advisors, graduate schools and lawful distributions. At last, with the proclamation of the 1990 Procedural Law of Administrative Litigation and the 1991 Civil Procedure Law, Chinese legitimate framework fundamentally developed to a progressively organized framework. Indeed, even with all these advancement, intercession remains the most utilized debate goals process.The 1989 enactment, that set the people’s intervention advisory groups under the ward of the Ministry of Justice, permitted the cutting edge intercession framework to be progressively autonomous, proficient and productive. Numerous cases are occupie d from the courts and passed on intercession boards of trustees: [T]he intervention panels have settled cases covering a wide assortment of subjects, for example, separate, legacy, parental and youngster support, divorce settlement, obligations, genuine property, creation, and torts, just as other common and financial debates and criminal wrongdoing cases.They have likewise assumed a significant job in forestalling wrongdoing, decreasing case in the courts, upgrading the people’s solidarity, and advancing social soundness. More than 7,000,000 questions are acceptably settled using intervention every year in China, far outperforming the quantity of cases brought to Chinese courts (Ge, 1996). Notwithstanding, this help of intervention impeded the improvement of legal law and the execute of existing laws in light of the fact that the intercession strategy depends on neighborhood convictions of reasonableness and socialist thoughts. The appropriation of the 1991 Code of Civil Pro cedure certified the promise to intercession of China’s government.Mediation and the People’s Mediation Committee In the Chinese lawful framework, contest settlements can be grouped into two distinct classifications: formal debate settlement (at courts) and casual question settlement or elective question goals (ADR) (exchange, intervention and assertion). ADR has since quite a while ago existed in China and customarily been liked to the courts for some reasons. Intervention, as one of the various methods for question goals, is broadly rehearsed in China. To characterize it, intervention is â€Å"an exertion by an outsider to urge gatherings to a contest to intentionally agree to determine their dispute†.There are as of now different kinds of intercession in China: common intervention, legal intercession, managerial intervention and assertion intercession. Common intervention is otherwise called the People’s intercession, by People’s Mediation Commi ttees, outside the court. I will concentrate on it further in the exposition. Contrasted and legal intercession, People’s intervention offers a progressively agreeable approach to determine debates and to stay away from numerous hindrances of legal intercession, similar to the unbending nature of the appointed authorities and middle people in the intervention procedure. It is utilized by People’s Mediation Committees which help parties willfully arrive at an agreement.People’s Mediation Committees (PMCs) are, with courts, the most generally known foundations for contest goals in China. They are casual intervention foundations, which have been existed in China for quite a long time, permitting individuals to stay away from a legitimate framework and court systems which have consistently been subjects of dread in the general public. Article 111 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China expresses that â€Å"People’s Mediation Committees a re a working board under grassroots self-governing associations †Residents Committee, Villagers Committee †whose strategic to intervene common disputes† China’s Judiciary, http://www. china. organization. cn). They were built up in the early long stretches of the establishment of People’s Republic of China in 1949 and of its legitimate framework and assisted with keeping up social control, to determine non-class-battle debates and to save congruity: Mediation â€Å"serves to express and apply the ideological standards, qualities and projects of the Chinese Communist Party and assists with assembling China’s individuals to expand their responsibility to party strategies and goals.Rather than settling questions between people, intercession additionally serves to smother such questions, which are viewed as destructive soc

10 Words that Make Your Teachers Cringe

10 Words that Make Your Teachers Cringe (3) Academic writing can be tough to tackle. We usually don’t write research papers in the same way we talk or text in our everyday lives. Prime example: when have you ever wrote “yeah” or “hahaha” in a class paper? Since writing for an assignment uses a different “voice,” it can make the tone of papers and other projects difficult to master. Avoid the following words in your writing, and you will be off to a great start! For those seeking general writing help, EasyBib Plus has an automated grammar check that will scan your paper and provide suggestions on how to improve your grammar and writing style. 1. Really Part of speech:    adverb Example sentence:    Global warming is a really big problem that we must solve. Why you should avoid it:   “Really” is just a bit too informal to use in academic writing, and it doesn’t add too much to your argument most of the time. Try using words that are a little more specific and convey more nuance, such as “exceptionally” or “uncommonly.”   2. Never/Always Part of speech:    adverb Example sentence:    Politicians always have the best interests of the people they represent in mind. Why you should avoid it:    Using words like “never” and “always” are tricky in academic writing, as they are definitive and doesn’t give wiggle room for exceptions. You can almost always find an example that makes any argument untrue, so using absolutes is typically not a great idea. 3. Firstly Part of speech:    adverb Example sentence:    Firstly, I will discuss the importance of education in American society. Why you should avoid it:    Transitions are important, but ditch words like “firstly” and “lastly” in your writing. Those words were important when you were first learning to write in middle school, but now, focus on making clear topic sentences that will transition your reader without these filler words. 4. By Part of speech:    preposition Example sentence:    The cake was baked by Sarah. Why you should avoid it:    Try and avoid passive voice in your writing at all costs. If you see the word “by” appear frequently, you might need to change some of your sentences to the active voice. Active voice means that the subject of the sentence is performing the action, and it is better to use in your writing because it is generally clearer and less wordy. Take the example sentence above. In active voice, it changes to “Sarah baked the cake.” 5. Don’t Part of speech:    verb Example sentence:    They don’t know how to drive the car. Why you should avoid it:    Contractions like “don’t” are too informal to use in academic writing. This means that other contractions like “won’t” and “can’t” should be off limits too. This will make your writing sound more professional. 6. Basically Part of speech:    adverb Example sentence:    Raising the minimum wage would affect basically all Americans. Why you should avoid it:    The word “basically” is a no-go for a few reasons. First of all, it is just a little too informal. Try using words that provide more context, such as “substantially” or “essentially.” Also, the word is probably filler that can be taken out without changing the sentence’s meaning at all. For example, the example sentence still makes sense without “basically”: “Raising the minimum wage would affect all Americans.” 7. Etc. Part of speech: adverb Example sentence: Our school offers languages like Spanish, French, German, etc. Why you should avoid it: “Etc.” is short for the Latin expression et cetera, which means “and others.” While etc. has its place, formal academic writing is not the right one. It implies a sense of laziness and casualness that your teacher will not appreciate.   8. Got Part of speech:    verb Example sentence:    The plants got bigger after being treated with fertilizer. Why you should avoid it:    â€œGot” is another one of those informal verb forms that is best used in everyday speech and not your writing. Using constructions like “I have” or “I became” instead of “I got” will improve and elevate your writing. Always look for more specific verbs if possible! 9. Interesting Part of speech:    adjective Example sentence:    The effect of invasive species on their environments is interesting. Why you should avoid it:    The word “interesting” is the exact opposite of interesting. It has been overused so much that it is practically meaningless! Odds are that if you are writing about a topic, it is already interesting, so chuck this word in favor of adjectives that provide more flavor. 10.  Literally Part of speech:    adverb Example sentence:    The moon landing literally changed Neil Armstrong’s life. Why you should avoid it:    Literally is almost always misused in both writing and conversations. In addition to confusion about how to use the word, it doesn’t add much value when used correctly. Use words like “unquestionably “or “precisely” instead. Follow these tips and you will start to build a better tone in your writing assignments, as well as confidence in your writing. Is your paper done, but not your citations? Visit for tools that can easily help you generate an MLA format citation, an APA title page, or even an annotated bibliography in MLA. Our guides homepage also has a wide library of citation and writing guides that can teach you how to put together an APA citation, use interjections properly, and more!

Dont Make This Mistake in French Je Suis 25 Ans

If you are 25 years old  and someone asks you in French how old you are, you respond:  Jai 25 ans (I am 25 years old).  Using the verb avoir (to have)  for age is the idiom, and to respond using the verb à ªtre (Je suis 25 ans) is nonsense to the French ear.  Ã‚   The French translation of to be is à ªtre. However, a lot of English expressions with to be are equivalent to French expressions with avoir (to have). To be ___ (years old) is one of these expressions: I am 25 (years old) is not Je suis 25 or Je suis 25 ans, but rather Jai 25 ans. This is just something you have to memorize, along with Jai chaud (Im hot), Jai faim (Im hungry), and many more expressions with avoir. Note also that the word ans (years) is required in French. In English you can just say Im 25,but that does not happen in French. Plus, the number is always written as a numeral, never as a word. Other Expressions of Age à   trois ans  Ã‚  at three (years of age)On fà ªte ses vingt ans. Were celebrating his twentieth birthday.un enfant de cinq ans  Ã‚  a five-year-old childretraite à   60 retirement at the age of 60moins de 26 ans younger than 26Anne Jones, 12 ans Anne Jones, age 12les enfants de 3 à   13  ans children ages 3 to 13Le groupe tà ©moin a comportà © 30 sujets, à ¢ge moyen de 56,9 ans.  Ã‚  The control group consisted of 30 healthy individuals, mean  age  56.9.à ¢gà © de plus de 18  ans older than 18 / 18 years of ageJai une excellente bouteille dOban  18 ans dà ¢ge  dans mon bureau.  Ã‚  I have an excellent bottle of  18-year-old  Oban in my office.La principale à ©tude comprenait environ 19,000 femmes à ¢gà ©es de 15 à   25  ans.   The main study involved almost 19,000 women from  15 to  25. More Idiomatic Expressions with Avoir avoir à  Ã‚  Ã‚   infinitive  Ã‚  to have to do somethingavoir besoin de   to needavoir chaud   to be hotavoir confiance en   to trustavoir de la chance   to be luckyavoir du charme   to have charmavoir du chien  (informal)  Ã‚  to be attractive, have a certain somethingavoir du pain sur la planche  (informal)  Ã‚  to have a lot to do, have a lot on ones plateavoir du pot  (informal)  Ã‚  to be luckyavoir envie de   to want  toavoir faim   to be hungryavoir froid   to be coldavoir honte de   to be ashamed of/aboutavoir horreur de   to detest/loatheavoir lair (de)  Ã‚  to look (like)avoir la frite  Ã‚  to feel greatavoir la gueule de bois  Ã‚  to have a hangover, to be hungoveravoir la patate   to feel greatavoir le beurre et largent du beurre  Ã‚  to have ones cake and eat it tooavoir le cafard  (informal)  Ã‚  to feel low/blue/down in the dumpsavoir lesprit de lescalier  Ã‚  to be unable to think of witty comebacks in timeavoir le fou rire   to have the gigglesavoir le mal de mer   to be seasickavoir les chevilles qui enflent  (informal)  Ã‚  to be full of oneselfavoir lhabitude de   to be used to, in the habit ofavoir lheure   to have (know) the timeavoir lieu   to take placeavoir lintention de   to intend/plan toavoir mal à   la tà ªte, aux yeux, à   lestomac   to have a headache, eye pain, stomachacheavoir mal au cÅ“ur   to be sick to ones stomachavoir peur de   to be afraidavoir raison   to be rightavoir soif   to be thirstyavoir sommeil   to be sleepyavoir tort   to be wrong Additional Resources Avoir, Être, FaireExpressions with avoirExpressions with à ªtre

Alcoholism And Their Effects On Alcoholism Essay - 1326 Words

Millions of people every year are affected by alcoholism. Both those suffering from alcoholism, and their family members. Out of the millions effected, only a fraction of them seek help in taking control of their addiction. There are many similarities between individual cases of alcoholism, and countless resources to help those who wish to stop drinking, and rekindle their relationships with their families. Statistics In 2014 in the United States 87.6% of people age 18 and older have reported drinking at some point in their lifetime. 24.7% of these people reported binge drinking within the past month, and 6.7% heavily drank in the past month.Overall 10.6 million men and 5.7 million women were reported to have an alcohol use disorder. Out of these 16.3 million individuals only 1.5 million actually received treatment for their disorders. That means only 9% of the people with an alcohol use disorder actually received professional help in 2014. (Alcohol Facts and Statistics) Interview The following interview was conducted in an attempt to learn firsthand the effects that alcoholism has on other members of the family unit. The Individual interviewed is a 21 year old Female. Interviewer: â€Å"It is my understanding that someone in your family has been struggling with alcoholism, is this correct?† Respondent: â€Å"Yes, My father has been effected by alcoholism since before I was born, and continues to struggle with it today.† Interviewer: â€Å"How would you describe your relationshipShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism And Its Effects On Alcoholism2456 Words   |  10 Pages Alcoholism is one of the most intractable and pervasive psychological disorders known. 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There are many examples of this tragedy in our lives. Alcoholism doesn t just affect the abusser s life, but can affect the lives of his loved ones. Alcoholism affects his health and privlages that he uses in everyday life. According to the National Health interview surveyRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The United States1383 Words   |  6 Pages Ariel Herrera Alcoholism in the United States Alcoholism has been a societal issue that does not discriminate in terms of boarders. Although it is an international problem, this paper will focus on its implications in the United States of America. Alcoholism is defined as an obsession or addiction to the intake of alcoholic liquor or the mental illness and behavior resulting from alcohol reliance (Adewale and Ifudu 2014). This paper analysis the demographic differences in alcohol engagement

Chemistry Lab Free Essays

Chemistry 121 Colligative Properties Lab Demonstration of Selected Calculations from Choice I Determination of Kf for Naphthalene To determine the Kf for naphthalene, we need to find the difference in the freezing point of pure naphthalene and the solution of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in naphthalene. Let’s say that we did this experiment, used 1. 00 g 1,4-dichlorobenzene in 10. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemistry Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now 00 g naphthalene, and found that the freezing temperature of pure naphthalene was 78. 2 °C, while that of the solution was 75. 4 °C. This gives us a ? Tf of 78. 2 °C – 75. 4 °C = 2. 8 °C. Using the equation for freezing point depression and solving for Kf, we have†¦ ?Tf = Kfmsolute Kf = ? Tf/msolute where msolute equals the molality of the solute. What is the molality of the solute? msolute=molality of solute = moles of solute/kg solvent moles of solute = 1. 00 g 1,4-DCB/146. 9 g/mol = 6. 81 x 10-3 moles 1,4-DCB kg of solvent = 10. 00 g naphthalene/1000 g/kg = 0. 01 kg solvent msolute = 6. 81 x 10-3 moles 1,4-DCB/0. 01 kg naphthalene = 0. 681 m Kf = 2. 8 °C/0. 681 m = 4. 112 K ·kg/mol The actual value for Kf for naphthalene is 7. 45 K ·kg/mol, so we’re a fair amount off the mark. This is a rather crude experiment, so that’s to be expected. Determination of the Molecular Mass/Molecular Formula of Elemental Sulfur Although this experiment didn’t go as well as I would have liked, there seemed to be some problems with the interpretation of the data as they were obtained, so I thought I’d demonstrate how to do this calculation. Elemental sulfur has a molecular formula of S8 (there are 8 sulfur atoms in a molecule of sulfur, just like there are 2 hydrogen atoms in a molecule of hydrogen). So, the purpose of this experiment was really just to see how close you could come to this answer. Practice test:  answer key To find the molar mass (and, using the atomic mass, the molecular formula) for sulfur, we first need to find the freezing point of a solution of sulfur in naphthalene. Let’s say we made such a solution with 0. 500 g powdered sulfur in 10. 00 g of naphthalene, and we found that it’s freezing point was 76. 7 °C. To find the molecular mass, let’s first find the molality of the solution by solving the above equation for msolute. (NOTE: Contrary to what many of you thought, you can’t find the molality of this solution just by using the atomic mass of sulfur to find the moles of sulfur†¦ emember that molecular sulfur has 8 sulfur atoms, but for the purposes of your experiment, you â€Å"don’t know this† and are trying to find that fact out. So, we’re solving for the molar mass just like the problem on the most recent exam involving an unknown solute. ) ? Tf =Kfmsolute msolute = ? Tf/Kf Our ? Tf = 78. 2 °C – 76. 7 °C = 1. 5à ‚ °C. Let’s use the â€Å"real† Kf instead of the one we calculated so we’ll get a better answer†¦ msolute = 1. 5 °C/7. 45 K ·kg/mol = 0. 201 mol/kg (molal) Now, we know the molality, and we know the number of kilograms of solvent (0. 010 kg of naphthalene)–let’s find the number of moles of sulfur present. oles of sulfur = molality x kg of solvent = 0. 201 m x 0. 010 kg = 0. 00201 moles sulfur Now, divide the mass of sulfur we took by this number of moles to get the molar mass of sulfur†¦ 0. 500 g sulfur/0. 00201 moles sulfur = 248. 8 g/mol This is the molar mass of elemental sulfur†¦ divide it by the atomic mass of sulfur (32. 07 g/mol) to find out how many sulfur atoms there are in a sulfur molecule. We get 7. 76 ? 8 atoms†¦ isn’t it cool how you can get the right answer when you make up your own data? 😉 Back to General Chemistry Home Page Back to General Chemistry Syllabus How to cite Chemistry Lab, Essay examples Chemistry Lab Free Essays The pKa of an Unknown Acid-Base Indicator By: Josephine Hong Lab Instructor: Yue Zhang Due: April 5, 2013 Submitted: April 5, 2013 Abstract: In this lab, the pKa of the unknown indicator of expression was determined both qualitatively and quantitatively. To verify our procedures, the experiment was tested using a known indicator, bromocresol green. Qualitatively, we used the color change of the solution with indicator to obtain the pKa value solely using a pH meter. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemistry Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now Quantitatively, we used a pH meter and the spectrophotometer with varying concentrations of the acid and base. The maximum wavelengths of absorbance used to quantify the dissociated and undissociated forms of the bromocresol green were 440 nm (yellow, undissociated) and 616 nm (blue dissociated). For the unknown indicator, the wavelengths were 505. 96 nm (red, undissociated) and 601. 66 nm (blue, dissociated). For bromocresol green, the experimentally obtained pKa value measured qualitatively was 4. 04. Quantitatively, the pKa came out to be 4. 16. The percentage error (10. 47%) obtained was within reasonable range, allowing the same procedures to be used to determine the pKa value of the unknown indicator, Indicator of Freedom. Indicator was Freedom was found to have a pKa value of 5. 32 qualitatively essay writer typer. On the other hand, the quantitative pKa was measure to be 4. 265. Introduction: This lab applies the concept of an indicator dye, which is principally a weak acid that changes colors when reacting with the amount of hydronium ion in a solution. Thus, the qualitative part of the lab assumes that at the point where the solution changes color into an intermediate shade of the two, the concentrations of [HIn] and [In-] is approximately equal. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for them: he pH equals pKa when the ratio between the indicator and its conjugate base is 1. Subsequently, the quantitative portion of the lab deals with the relationship between absorbance and concentration: A1(? )A2(? )= c1c2 Thus, a certain absorbance of a solution can provide the concentration of the indicator and its conjugate base when taking into consideration the maximum wavelength of the two colors. Experim ental Section: To reduce the volumes of acid and base needed and the amount of time to complete the lab, the stock solutions of strong acid and base were diluted to at least one-fourth their starting amount. Thus, 60 mL of deionized water was added to both stock solutions of 20 mL HCl and NaOH to create 2 new 80 mL diluted solutions. Part 1: Finding pKa Qualitatively 25 mL solution of the diluted NaOH with 3 drops of indicator was titrated against the diluted HCl drop wise until a color change occurred. To determine the pKa of the indicators, the pH of the solutions were taken with a pH meter when there was a color change. Determining the color of bromocresol green to be yellow when acidic and blue when basic, the point of color change to measure pH was when the solution turned green. Likewise, the indicator of Freedom was red when acidic and blue when basic, which established the point of color change to be purple. These steps were performed three times for both the known and unknown indicators to find an average pKa value. Part 2: Finding pKa Quantitatively For the quantitative determination of pKa, multiple solutions of varying acid/ base concentration were prepared with 3 drops of indicator. Despite the varying concentrations of each solution, the total volume stayed constant at 20 mL. Before anything, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance were determined first by using solutions of pure acid and base with three drops of indicator. For each solution, the pH was measured before placing them in cuvettes to measure their absorbance values using the spectrophotometer. These steps were performed for both the known and unknown indicator. Results: Table 1: Qualitative Data for Bromocresol Green Trial| pH| 1| 3. 82| 2| 3. 93| 3| 4. 36| Average| 4. 04| Calculation of Average: Table 2: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green | HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 Drops Indicator| Concentration (M)| . 028| . 0962| (nm)| 440| 616| Solution Color| Yellow| Blue| Absorbance| . 116| . 243| Table 3: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 14| 6| 3. 50| . 055| . 015| 9| 10| 4. 39| . 044| . 048| 7| 13| 5. 30| . 024| . 103| Figure 1: Absorbance vs. pH for Bromocresol Green Percent Error Calculation for Bro mocresol Green: error *pKa of Bromocresol Green was found online Table 4: Qualitative Data for Indicator of Freedom Trial| pH| 1| 5. 50| 2| 5. 33| 3| 5. 12| Average| 5. 32| Table 5: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 DropsIndicator| Concentration (M)| . 1028| . 0962| (nm)| 505. 96| 601. 66| Solution Color| Red| Blue| Absorbance| . 703| . 945| Table 6: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 18| 2| 2. 07| . 360| . 046| 14| 6| 2. 36| . 374| . 048| 10| 10| 3. 88| . 347| . 087| 10| 10| 3. 04| . 312| . 041| 9| 11| 9. 35| . 148| 1. 127| 9. 5| 10. 5| 5. 95| . 171| . 686| 9. 75| 10. 25| 5. 45| . 230| . 424| 9. 25| 10. 75| 9. 13| . 146| . 913| Figure 2: Graph of Absorbance vs. pH for Indicator of Freedom Discussion: The qualitative part of the lab had room for a lot of errors. The unreliability of visual observation of the slight color change in solution could have dramatically affected the results. Because the experimentally determined pKa was less than the actual pKa for both cases, strong enough color change were probably not observed. Since the titration was performed roughly using drops, the drops could have added more acid than needed, resulting in a smaller pKa.. Quantitatively, the pKa can be determined by plotting the data, with absorbance as a function of pH. There will be two separate lines, one for each wavelength of the two colors. The intersection of these two lines will indicate the point at which the pH should be equal to the pKa. This works because at the intersection point: pH=pKa+logIn-HIn It is known that A1A2= c1c2. Since A1= A2 at the intersection point of the graph, then 1= c1c2= In-HIn. Thus,pH=pKa+log1 pH=pKa at the intersection of both curves The procedure for determination of bromocresol green pKa appeared to have worked, because the percent error was roughly around 10%. Although slightly high, these errors are unpreventable. For example, cuvettes with smudges on the sides would have increased the absorbance readings of the solutions. Moreover, the maximum wavelength is crucial because it is used as a standard to know where to record the absorbance levels of the other solutions. This is because it is where the maximum absorbance occurs for the particular color produced by the solution is. It is important to measure the absorbance levels at these standardized wavelengths to keep the data consistent and to have the ability to compare the absorbance levels of two solutions without the need to calibrate or adjust the readings. Finally, a limited number of data points when determining the pH graphically could have also added to the error in this experiment. 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Movie Summary Gladiator Essay Example

Movie Summary Gladiator Paper Gladiator is a great story of a Roman general, Maximus Decimus, the roman emperor Marcus Aurelius sits on his death bed, Marcus Aurelius tells Maximus that he wants him to be at charge of the Roman Empire at least until the Senate finds a better candidate because of his lack of interest on handling power, after receiving the notice of who Marcus Aurelius prefers to that charge, his son Commodus, Kills him and accuses Maximus of the assassination, Maximus is basically betrayed by Commodus for â€Å"power†, and forced to leave far away from the roman army after escaping the guards that were supposed to kill him, his family is assassinated, he is captured being wounded after seeing that all he loved was destroyed, sold as a slave and, after his owner sees his fighting skills that he learnt in the army, he is made gladiator. After many combats in the arena and a gain of glory he is brought to Rome, to the famous well-known coliseum. Commodus finds out who he is and challenges him in the arena to finish him, unfortunately for Commodus even though Maximus was stabbed in the leg before the fight by him to ensure his victory, Commodus dies and Maximus, after accomplishing his vengeance plans, falls to the floor dead too. All the action occurs in some German territories and in the Roman Empire, Maximus is introduced as a simple man, that desires to be with his family and work in his farm. Ridley SCOTT (the director of this film) has a dramatic intention with the audience, Ridley wants to put the audience in Maximus’ shoes, some of the ways that Ridley makes this possible is by giving Maximus’ a perspective and waty of thinking that coincides with the audience’s e.g. After fighting all other gladiators, in the arena and being the only one standing there, surrounded by the walls that separate the public from the danger, he shouts out loud â€Å"are you entertained?†. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary Gladiator specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary Gladiator specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary Gladiator specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gladiator Movie Summary – Gladiator

A Guide to Buying Firewood at Reasonable Prices

A Guide to Buying Firewood at Reasonable Prices When it comes to fueling your fireplace or wood-burning stove, you can either purchase a rack or two of wood a time, cut it yourself, or buy it by the truckload. The problem with buying it a rack at a time is that its not cost-effective. The other option, cutting it yourself, is less expensive, but it takes a lot of time and effort. Which is why so many people who use fireplaces and wood-burning stoves as their primary source of heat choose to buy pre-cut wood in a large volume. By learning just a little bit about how to make the right purchase, you can save yourself money, time, and muscle pain- and stay cozy all winter. What the Law States Many states have enacted firewood transaction laws to ensure that consumers are getting the correct amount of wood for their money. Its important to understand how a seller might measure wood compared to the state standards of measurement before trying to evaluate how much the wood should cost per unit of measurement. Cords and fractions of a cord are the only two legal units of measurement accepted in most states. Any other unit term- pile, rick, rank, pickup load, etc.- is more of a regional or local preference and therefore can be prone to price-gouging. Understanding Measurements of Wood On average, a cord of wood as defined by most states is equal to the amount of cut and tightly stacked roundwood that can fit inside a container that measures four feet by four feet by eight feet or 128 cubic feet. Be aware that wood received in different lengths can mean you get a different amount of wood. For instance, a cord of wood split and tightly stacked in 16-foot lengths contains considerably more energy (less air space) than a cord of wood stacked and racked in eight-foot lengths. If the firewood is cut to fit a stove or fireplace and is split and tightly stacked, there is less room for air and more room for wood. If the wood is haphazardly piled, on the other hand, the air-to-wood volume ratio is increased and you have less energy per cord. You should, of course, insist on neat and tight stacking, but remember that every processing step adds to the cost of the wood. Also know that a truckload, while not a legal definition, is often the one most used by sellers. In these instances, a truckload can mean anything from a loaded light-weight short-bed pickup (which usually holds about a fifth of a cord) to a large pulpwood truck (which usually holds four cords). Tips for Getting Firewood at the Right Price There are a number of ways to mitigate price gouging and ensure that youre paying the right amount of money for the right amount of energy per unit of wood: Try to avoid buying firewood that is not sold in cords or fractions of a cord, since, again, these other measurements arent standardized and make it almost impossible to compare prices to the market value.In order to avoid wasted space, insist that the  wood is cut to burning length, split, and uniformly stacked in a pile. Although this may increase the cost of the wood for handling, it will ensure a better volume of energy estimation and will make stacking for storage that much easier.Because truckload measurements can vary so greatly, always determine the hauling capacity in cubic feet of any truck used to hold the wood youve ordered and ensure that the stacking is relatively tight and orderly. You can, and should, measure your or the sellers transport bed to determine its volume, which will then determine the cord or fraction-of-a-cord price you can expect to pay.You can determine this price by multiplying the bed length by the bed width by the bed height. Then divide that gross cubic feet volume by 128. Take that number, which will probably be a fraction, and then multiply it by the price per cord to get your woods value. For instance, say you plan to go to a wood lot and stack and haul your own truckload. Your truck bed measures two by four by eight feet. Multiply those numbers together and you get 64. Divide by 128 and you get .5, or the capacity to hold half a cord of wood. If the seller advertises $200 per cord, you should expect to pay $100 to stack and haul your truckload yourself. What Youll Pay Firewood costs are driven by location and availability, so prices for a cord of mixed hardwood can range from $50 to more than $100 a cord, depending on location. If you want to have the seller stack and deliver, know that the cost of transporting that wood to your front door will add more money to that price. Again, depending on the region, you can pay anywhere from $100 to $150 more for processing, transport, and handling.

Survey Graphing Ideas for 3rd, 4th, and 5th Graders

Survey Graphing Ideas for 3rd, 4th, and 5th Graders As early as kindergarten, students are required to take and analyze surveys. In the younger grades, analyzing graphs can be done on calendars. For instance, each day the children will record the type of weather based on a few weather symbols (cloudy, sunny, rainy foggy etc.) The children are then probed for questions like, How many rainy days have we had this month? or What type of weather have we mostly had this month? The teacher will also use the chart paper to record data about the children. For instance, graph the type of shoe children are wearing. On the top of the chart paper, the teacher will have buckles, ties, slip on, and velcro. Each student would put a tick mark on the type of shoe they are wearing. Once all children have identified the type of shoe they are wearing, the students will then analyze the data. These skills are early graphing and data analyzing skills. As students progress, they will take their own surveys and graph their results. Students need to be taught that there is a variety of ways to record their results. Here are a few ideas to promote graphing and surveying skills. Survey Ideas for Students to Graph and Analyze Survey the type (genre) of books people like to read.Survey how many musical instruments a person can list.Survey a favorite sport.Survey a favorite color or number.Survey favorite pets or types of animals.Survey the weather: temperature, precipitation or type of day (hazy, windy, foggy, rainy etc).Survey a favorite TV show or movie.Survey favorite snack foods, soda flavors, ice cream flavors.Survey favorite holiday locations or favorite all-time holiday.Survey favorite subject in school.Survey number of siblings in a family.Survey amount of time spent watching TV in a week.Survey amount of time spent playing video games.Survey the number of countries people have been.Survey what classmates want to be when they grow up.Survey the types of ads that come on TV over a period of time.Survey the different color of cars that drive by over a specific period of time.Survey the types of ads found in a specific magazine Graphing and Analyzing Survey Data When children have the opportunity to take opinion polls/surveys, the next step is to analyze what the data tells them. Children should try to determine the best way to organize their data. (Bar graph, line graph, pictograph.) After their data is organized, they should be able to state specifics about their data. For instance, what happens the most, the least, and why do they think that is. Eventually, this type of activity will lead to the mean, median, and the mode. Children will require ongoing practice taking polls and surveys, graphing their results, interpreting, and sharing the results of their polls and surveys.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

English - Essay Example They were forced to stop all import and export of armament and to relinquish land resources. The economical ramifications were harsh. The war reparations were excessively high and would have been to the equivalent of $385 billion dollars in today's economy. They were only paid off last year but the final payment was supposed to have been paid in 1988. Politically, Germany was forced to relinquish its colonies and European provinces. The treaty was not accepted as it was considered as a "Diktat" of a sign of Guilt. It was eventually signed in 1919. The existing government resigned and the Weimer Republic was established. Nationalistic tendencies were alight as "those who had not supported the war had agreed to the signing of the treaty" (members of the Weimer Republic, Jews, Communists, and Socialists) Having been the most impacted by the Treaty, the Germans did not like the results because they felt it dealt too harshly with Germany and they had expected leniency thanks to Woodrow Wi lson's Fourteen Points. The treaty forced them to give up some of their most valued land resources, people, and money. Since German leaders were not allowed to participate in the treaty conference, and because they refused to sign and new leaders were put into place that would sign the treaty, Germans felt as if the treaty was imposed upon them. There were also many German's who refused to believe that the German military had actually been defeated. They saw no sign of an invasion of Germany so in turn believed that Germany had not lost the war. German's also thought it was unfair that Germany was stated as being entirely to blame for the war when the first shot was a Serbian shooting an Austrian. Outline I. Introduction : A. End of World War 1 B Geographical Situation of Germany II. Treaty of Versailles A. Principle Clauses B. Clauses involving Germany 1. Sign of Guilt 2. Giving up of territory 3. payment of reparations a) equivalent of $328 billion today b) paid of last year c) sc heduled for final payment in 1988 C. Economic ramifications 1. Payment scheme 2. English demand D. Hyperinflation - definition 1. Devaluation of the mark a) different attempts to recuperate b) valuation of mark to grain 2. Removal of the gold standard 3. Change of currency 3. Effect on the country E. Political Scheme 1. Weimar Republic 2. Growth of Nationalism 3. Political Dissent 4. Groups which were blamed for the war F. Great Depression 1. day to day life in before WWII 2. World response to the growth of the SA a) prelude to boycott of 1933 b) boycott G. Change in Germany's economy 1. Hitler's promises 2. Background 3. No choice 4. burning of the Weimar building 5. Dictator H. Conclusion Annotated Bibliography Title of Source: Treaty of Versailles - End of World War 1 Location of Source: http://www.firstworldwar.com The terms of the treaty. I am interested in how Germany was affected and the complaints they had. They were economically ruined. The war reparations were excessive an d would require the Germany population to bear the cost of the war as well as the blame. The standard of life has not been take into consideration just their ability to pay through years of labor. The expenses Germany are required to pay exceed the State and private assets. Other conditions of the treaty are discussed in terms of Germany having no possibility of every recovering economically. This is the official document of the Treaty. One can find many sources and commentaries of

Lending Situation paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lending Situation - Term Paper Example As it looks, the company is currently struggling in the market since the margins reflected in the last financial records show that it made a profit of only $275,000 the previous year. It is even more worrying to learn that there was a drop in the company’s revenues from the previous year (6,150,000 to 5,200,000); an indication that the company’s revenues have been declining over the years. It is also clear that this decline is majorly attributed to the fact that the company is still operating on the traditional old ways of print media while the current world is shifting to the digital media. Indications are that the company is competing with other major producers which give the company a stiff competition in the market. For the construction of the new plant to take place, it will need a duration of 12 months to be completed which is a long time since during this period there will be no increase in production and the company will therefore have to rely only on the already depreciating revenues from the old press. On the positive end, Mr. Harvey’s plan seems to be a well thought out investment to salvage the company from declining; it is a promising kind of investment since this is where the market trend is heading to. With the establishment of the new plant, he will be able to maintain and even increase company’s market share. This will tremendously increase the revenue base of the company. The company is well located in the suburbs where there is availability of labour required in the plant. An area of 150 miles is a large area dominated by the company and focusing on this market will give the company good revenue. It is also important to note that Mr. Harvey is not abandoning the printing altogether because there will always be a need for print media even with the shift in technology. This will provide continuous income to the company. As pointed out by Ahlers, print media in the form of books, magazines, newspapers will

Effect of Calpain-calpastatin System in Meat Tenderness

Effect of Calpain-calpastatin System in Meat Tenderness 1.0 Introduction Meat quality is the freshness of the meat. This is the most crucial things which supplier always find and think in order to fulfill the high demand from the customer. This shows researcher play an important role in increasing the quality of meat because of the high demand from the wholesalers or consumer. The critical point of appraisal of meat quality occurs when the consumer eats the products and they comment on the colour, nutritional value, and price determines the decision to repurchase (Boleman et al., 1997).In addition, consumer evaluation of eating quality is the most determination of meat quality as tenderness, juiciness and flavor of meat are the most important elements (Tarrant, 1998; Bindon Jones, 2001). The variability in tenderness cause by a lot of factors before post mortem, like the feeding types and the environment (French et al., 2001) and after post-mortem, like temperature, pH, sarcomere length and proteolysis (Charlotte Maltin et al., 2003). In this study it focusing majorly on the role of genetic traits which play an important function in order to get the high quality of meat (Williams, 2008). Interest of this study is to identify the relationship between the microsatellite repetition and the calpastatin type1 promoter region effects in meat tenderness. In mid 1980s (Mullis Faloona, 1987; Saiki et al., 1985) as the advent of Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR), microsatellites were detected in eukaryotes genome and they are the most promising PCR-based markers. Microsatellites are simple sequence tandem repeats (SSTRs) of variable length that distributed throughout the eukaryotic nuclear genome in both coding and non-coding region (Jarne Lagoda, 1996). This can be amplify and identify by the PCR method (Sunnucks, 2000, Strassmann et., 1996, Shriver et., 1995). Due to the high mutation rate of microsatellites, they are potentially the most informative marker with advantages of easy and low-cost detection. Thus, the microsat ellites repeat in calpastatin can influence the tenderness of meat because of the different types can produce with different role. The aim of this findings is to characterise the expression of microsatellite repeat in calpastatin type I promoter region in bovine, to identify the  regulation of CAST gene inhibitory calpain system in affecting the tenderization of meat and to develop a mechanism that can control the calpastatin gene in maintaining the tenderization of meat. 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Meat Quality and consumer perception Meat quality is a term used to describe a range of attributes of meat. Those factors such as post mortem factors, pH, temperature, proteolysis, sarcomere length, and the most important elements is tenderness and juiciness that affect the consumer to repurchase the meat (Warris, 2000). Besides that, meat quality also determine by color, flavor and texture which influence the consumer to enjoy the meat product (Glitsch, 2000). However, the main cause of failure of consumer complain to repurchase is the variability in eating quality, especially in tenderness. Some of the consumer that has more knowledge will concern on the safety of consuming meat. They will think of the health implication like the composition of the polyunsaturated fat and saturated fat, and the microbial contamination especially during handling the meat products. According to the statistical of meat consumption in Ninth Malaysian Plan, the Malaysian government targets to increase the production of beef in order to reduce the import dependence. As per capita consumption which 0.5 kg in 2003 of mutton is very low, more attention is paid to the beef market which increased from 2.3 kg to 5.8 kg (FAO, 2007). Due to the high demand, the qualities of meat need to be increased in order to make sure consumer will repurchase. Anderson and Ferguson (2001) emphasize that quality as the top priority in making decision to buy and consume more meat. Similarly , factors that effect the consumer to repurchase red meat other than economic one is meat quality (Taljaard et al., 2006). 2.2 Tenderness Tenderness is a primary factor that influencing the consumers reaction (Glitsch, 2000).Tenderness is an integrated textural property made up of mechanical, particulate and chemical components (Paerson and Young, 1989).The appreciation of tenderness when eating is not explained by the force required to cut through a piece of meat, but is affected by the way the muscle fibers breakdown and the release of juices and flavor while chewing. Several independent studies have identified a locus on bovine chromosomes 29 with affect on tenderness. The caplain1 (CAPN 1) gene that codes for a calcium dependent protease involved in meat tenderization post- mortem. According to the research Miller et al., 2001, meat tenderness (texture) is the most important organoleptic characteristics that influence the acceptability for consumer. Tenderness is the consequences of postmortem physicochemical and biochemical changes in muscle of myofibrillar. After slaughtering, muscle is extensible and elastic until the onset of the rigor mortis, when the energy for muscle relaxation is depleted (Alberle et al., 2001). 2.3 Tenderization phase 2.3.1 Pre-rigor phase The duration of pre-rigor phase is dependent on the animal species. After the slaughtering of animal, blood, oxygen and nutrient supply are cut to the muscle and these triggers the pre-rigor phase to start (Lawrie, 1998).For chicken is less than 0.5 to 1.0 h and for beef 4 to 6 h (Aberle et al., 2001). The muscle will becomes gradually stiff and its tension reaches maximum on the completion of rigor. This is due to the formation of an irreversible actomysin complex in muscle which lead to the shorten sarcomere length. This will cause the toughening of muscle at the beginning of the post-mortem process (Koohmaraie et al., 1996). 2.3.2 Rigor phase At this phase, muscles maintain the homeostasis by metabolize muscle glycogen by aerobic glycolysis. Thus, it will continue supply of ATP. During this phase, the depletion of ATP will increase the concentration of calcium ion in sarcoplasma. Sarcoplasma reticulum functioning in removing of calcium ion across the membrane utilizing the calcium ATPase pump and dependent on ATP for this active process (Robbins et al., 2003). In the meat process, anaerobic glycosis is take place in order to maintain the production of ATP. From this the lactic acid will produced and decrease in pH value and lead to the depletion of creatine phosphate because of lack of ATP. Thus, the availability of substrate required to maintain the contractile proteins actin or myosin in relaxation state. The irreversible cross bridge and rigor mortis occur because of actin and myosin and these will made the muscle reaches to the maximum toughness as the consequences of shortening the sarcomere length (Goll et al., 1995 ). 2.3.3 Post-rigor phase In the post-rigor, the proteolytic enzyme system are responsible in continuing the tenderness (Kemp et al., 2010; Koohmaraie et al., 1996). This phase started about 24 hours to 14 days of meat storage. The rate change is variable due to the proteolytic degradation of myofibrillar and cytoskeletal proteins cause the loss of structural integrity of myofibrils which enhancing the meat tenderization (Koohmaraie et al., 1996). The calpain/calpastatin(calcium-dependent), proteosomal and lysosomal systems have been extensively investigated for their involvement in post-rigor proteolytic degradation and meat tenderization (Kemp et al., 2010; Koohmaraie et al., 1996). 2.4 Factors that affect the meat tenderness 2.4.1 Muscle pH After the bovine is being slaughter, they need to maintain their homeostasis. So, the muscle will undergoes anaerobic respiration and regenerate the production of ATP by aerobic respiration. The amount of ATP produced is less than normal. During anaerobic, the glycogen is metabolized into pyruvate and then converts into lactic acid. The lactic acid will gradually decrease the pH value of the muscle tissue (Maltin et al., 2003).This level of of pH will give varies effects on glycogen level, ATP turn over and the metabolic characteristic of muscle tissue (Lawrie, 1998). The high level of pH which is greater than 7.5 , typically dark and easy to bacteria to survive on it. This will shorten the shelf life of the meat and this bring to the variability if the tenderness as the low of glycogen substrate (Watanabe et al., 1996). 2.4.2 Temperature Temperature during the pre-rigor and post-rigor phase will affect on the metabolism of the muscle tissue of meat(Hertzman et al., 1993).Meat toughness will increase during the higher temperature (Bruce and Ball, 1990). The declination of muscle temperature will lead to the shortening of muscle. This is because of the reduced calcium sequestering ability by the sarcoplasmic reticulum as a result of the depletion of energy compounds which cause the muscle to contract and increase the toughness of meat (Huff Lonergan et al., 2010). There are a researched found that, at 15 Celsius is the best temperature for maintaining meat tenderization (Geesink et al., 2000). 2.4.3 Juiciness Juiciness is defined as the feeling in the mouth of moisture from cooking meat and chewing. The juiciness is closely related to the attribute of flavor as this latter attribute is also affected by the level of IMF in the meat. The high the intramuscular fat content (IMF) , the higher the meat quality (Kerry et al., 2002). 2.4.4 Proteolysis Proteolysis is a conversion of muscle to meat entrains changes in tenderness due to changes in the properties of muscle fibre and connective tissue. The steps are toughness increase into rigor, proceed with proteolysis and last the rigor is resolve. Proteolytic system is divided into four which, first, cathepsin-lysomal system second, ATP-dependent ubiquitin –proteasome system, third, calpain-calpastatin system and last is matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) (Thompson and Palmer, 1998). Tenderization increasing during ageing and it is primarily a result of calpain-mediated degradation of myofibrillar and cytoskeleton proteins. Most of researcher doing the investigation on proteolytic system and the have a A1QWdebate on these. But most of the studies agreed that the calpain system has play the major role in post-mortem tenderization (Boehm et al., 1998; Koohmaraie.1992b; Taylor et al., 1995a). Proteolysis involve calpain occurs between 3-14 d post mortem when activity of  µ-calpain low ,  µ-calpain maybe bound to the myofibril and inactivated during post mortem storage but the m-calpain active when the level of calcium arise. Calpain is calcium-dependent which function in softening the muscle tissue of the meat. In proteolysis it involve the calpain proteases and caplain-specific inhibitor, calpastatin. When the low level of calpastatin produce, the more calpain protease produce .Then, the tenderness of meat will increase. 2.5 Microsatellite Microsatellites are simple sequence tandem repeats (SSTRs).The repeat units are generally di-, tri-, tetra- or pentanucleotides (Powell et al., 1996) .Like repetition in birds is ACn, where it`s means two nucleotides A and C are repeated in bead-like fashion a variable number of times. The n could be range from 8 to 50.This always occur on a non-coding region of DNA. On the each side of the repeat unit are flanking regions which consist of unordered DNA. This flanking region is dangerous because they will allow the development of locus-specific primers to amplify the microsatellites with PCR. By having a forward and reverse primer on each side of microsatellites it will be able to amplify a fairy short (100 to 500bp) locus-specific microsatellite region(Sunnucks, 2000, Strassmann et., 1996, Shriver et., 1995). Microsatellites were designed for generative neurology disease in human but it shows a great applicability in other species. Microsatellites act as markers was classified based on the number of bases like short repeats are microsatellites while longer repeats are minisatellites. Besides that, it also classified by the type of repeated sequence present whether it is perfect, imperfect or composite. Imperfect means the repeated sequence was interrupted by different nucleotides which are not repeated while composites when two or more different motifs in tandem (Selkoe Toonen, 2006).In addition, microsatellites is co-dominant and it is widely distributed throughout the genome and transferable between species. These features provide their successful function in these fields (Chistiakov et al., 2006). 2.5.1 Microsatellites mutation Microsatellites are useful genetics markers because they tend to be polymorphic. Normally, human microsatellites with 20 or more alleles ad heterozygosities. This is because their mutation occurs different from the â€Å"classical† point mutations, where the substitution of one nucleotide to another occurs. The mutation in microsatellites occur through slippage replication where two strands could slip relative position a bit but still manage to get the zipper going down the beads. One strand can be lengthened or shortened by the addition or excision of the nucleotides. So, the repeat unit can be one longer and the other is shorter than the original (Selkoe et., 2006). 2.6 Calpastatin Study of calpastatin gene promoter activity had been done by some of the researcher .Calpastatin is proteinase inhibitor for calpain which family of calcium-activated neutral proteases that regulate the of Ca2+. It is encoded by single gene in mammal which produces proteins isoforms through the alternating splicing, There are four types of CAST which are Type I, Type II, Type III has been characterized in porcine with the study of the three promoters directing expression(Parr et al., 2004) while in bovine calpastatin transcripts including Type IV had been characterized with the studied of four functional promoters in the gene (Raynaud et al., 2005).This four types of CAST can bind to the calpain and inhibit proteolytic activity. A single calpastatin can inhibit several caplain molecules in vitro. Several isoforms of calpastatin exist due to the alternative promoter usage and differential splicing (Parr et al., 2001; Raynaud etal., 2005).Increasing response on calpastatin expression to ß- adrenergic stimulation has been associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy in livestock (Parr et al., 1992; Killefer and Koohmaraie, 1994) and related inversely with the tenderization rates(Koohmaraie, 1996). ß- adrenergic stimulation act by the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responsive elements in calpastatin promoter regions(Cong et al., 1998a, b).three types of promoters located in the 5 region of gene upstream of exons 1xa, 1xb, and 1u generate calpastatin mRNA transcripts the types I, II, and III respectively (Takano et al., 2000; Parr et al., 2004).In pig, these promoters have putative motifs for another transcription factors that will imply other signaling pathways of calpastatin expression(Parr et al., 2001; Raynaud etal., 2005). 2.6.1 The types of calpastatin genes From the previous studies, there were found calpasatin has four types of repetitive-inhibitor domains which are Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV. The isolated cDNAs from the various mammalian species have conspicuous differences in the regions encoding the N-terminal sequences. These four different types has different function and from the different sources. The Type I and Type II in mouse and bovine respectively also differ from each other in the uttermost N-terminal sequences, possess longer domain L sequences than those of rabbit, pig and human inhibitors which are Type III.The previous obtained mouse calpastatin cDNA is encoded by as many as 31 exons including the first exon. The other three additional exons specifying the N-terminal sequences of the types were identified in the mouse genomic DNA sequence. The mRNAs for Type I and Type III were expressed in the liver, the Type II high in heart and skeletal muscle .Besides , the Type IV abundance in testis. These findings sho w that the calpastatin isoforms possessing different N-terminal sequences are generated by the alternative transcription initiation from their own promoters and skipping of the mutually exclusive exons (Takano et al., 2000). Cong et al. (1998), reported cAMP-dependent transactivation of the bovine calpastatin gene whose promoter located on the upstream of exon .They identified a sequence GTCA which was important for the cAMP responsiveness and corresponded to the half site of the full CRE(a consensus palindromic cAMP-responsive cis-element; TGACGTCA).They demonstrated that mutation of GTCA at -76 nt to ATCT completely abolished the dibutyryl-cAMP .Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the mouse and bovine genomic DNAs did not show a high similarity but little similar sequence GTGCGGTGTCAGCCGG (identical residues are underlined) containing GTCA was found. The differential expression patterns of the type I, II, III mRNAs among different animal suggests that the presence of different transcriptional regulatory elements upstream of the respective promoters. Besides that, the differences in N-terminal sequences might affect the intracellular distribution of the action calpain-calpastatin system in stimula tion of meat tenderness (Takano et al., 1999). 2.7 Calpain Calpain were intracellular calcium-dependent cysteine proteinases which present in all mammalian(Goll et al., 2003; Sorimachi et al., 2001).In catalysing the limited proteolysis of cytoskeletal and membrane protein , the calpain were play a big role.This regulation occur with help of specific protein inhibitor calpastatin.In striated muscle, the calpain/calpastatin system has been proved in regulation protein turnover especially in meat texture development (Sensky et al., 2001). 2.8 The effect of calpain-calpastatin system in meat tenderness The calpain and calpastatin proteolytic enzyme system is believed to be the main contributor to the tenderness of meat at post mortem.The present of calpastatin in meat influence the calpain by acting as inhibitor. Calpastatin is a marker in order to determine the tenderness of meat. The researcher found the activity of the calpastatin in meat at 24 hours was highly related to shear force value after 14th day after post mortem. It showed that an early event after the animal being slaughter could be predictive of ultimate shear force because of the low activity of calpastatin (Whipple et al., 1990). The findings was repeated in pork. The higher level of calpastatin after 2 hours of post mortem is increasing the toughness (parr et al., 1999).We can conclude that the activity of calpastatin was responsible in variation of tenderness of meat by the differences in proteolytic rate of the animals. A more complex study is performed by the Shackleford et al.(1994) that correlate between both calpastatin level and meat toughness and the possibility of using these for selection purposed to improve the meat quality.

Mary Shelley

Why it is a Classic Mary Shelley was one of the most famous and greatest writers of the early 1800s. She wrote many great novels and short stories that could be considered classics, such as Frankenstein and â€Å"The Invisible Girl†. A classic is not just any average novel or short story; to be a classic it must have good use of literary elements, along with a new and different idea for a plot. Mary Shelley uses literary elements in a special way that makes her a classic writer. There are many great pieces of classic writing by Mary Shelley.Frankenstein, one of her best works, is a classic, because she uses suspense, psychological aspects, and tone to create a masterpiece. One of the many things that sets Frankenstein and Mary Shelley apart from others; is her excellent ability to create a mood. In Frankenstein she creates a mysterious and suspenseful mood that really captures the reader’s attention. In the novel Victor says â€Å"It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half-extinguished light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open;†(Ch. ,pg 41) this quote from the novel creates a scary and intense mood. Not only does Mary Shelley show her ability to create a mood in Frankenstein, but also in the short story â€Å"The Invisible Girl†. The excellent ability of Mary Shelley to create a mood, in a story or novel is one of the many things that make Frankenstein a classic novel. Mary Shelley also uses suspense and foreshadowing in her writings to keep the reader involved. The monster in Frankenstein tells Victor â€Å"I shall be with you on your wedding-night. †(Ch. 20); this is a great example of foreshadowing.When the monster tells Victor this, it becomes obvious that something bad is going to happen and it keeps the reader guessing what it will be, while sending a shiver of terror through their body. Mary Shelley use s the element of suspense a lot in the novel Frankenstein; the reader will always be wandering who will be the monsters next victim and how Victor will react. The use of foreshadowing and suspense in Frankenstein are two things that make it a classic. Frankenstein is also a very unique story and has some psychological aspects to it.The plot of the novel seems to be ahead of its time, it could be called one of the first science fiction novels. Mary Shelley’s idea of someone creating life was very unique for the 1800’s time period. Plots that involved science fiction did not seem to be as popular until technology became more modern; but this is one of the things that make Frankenstein a classic, it was ahead of its time. Frankenstein is also a psychological novel in some ways. It can show the reader that there can be a monster in anyone, although it does not have to be a physical monster.Although Victor is not physically a monster, he becomes a monster mentally; he becom es insane and enraged by the monster that killed his friends and family. The psychological aspects and how unique Frankenstein is, are reasons why it is a classic. There are many elements about Frankenstein that make it one of the best classic novels of all time. Mary Shelley was a master of using literary elements to create a classic. Not just anyone can write a classic novel; it must be something different and skillfully written.She did a wonderful job of creating suspense using foreshadowing throughout the novel. Also one of the biggest things that make this novel a classic is how unique and ahead of its time it was during the 1800s. Frankenstein will be one of the best classic novels for many years to come. ? Works Cited Merriman, C. D. â€Å"Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. † – Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss. Jalic Inc. , 2006. Web. 8 May 2012. . Mould, Chris, and Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley. Frankenstein. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997. Print.

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